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SOUTH AMERICA
Quechua phrasebook
Quechua
with the help of Nilda Callañaupa
Published by
Lonely Planet Publications
Head Office: PO Box 617, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia US Office: PO Box 2001A, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
Printed by
Singapore National Printers, Singapore
First published
October 1989
Editors
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Michelle de Kretser
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Chris Taylor
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Design, cover
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Trudi Canavan
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design &
| |
illustrations
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Typesetting
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Gaylene Miller
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1. Quechua language - Conversation and phrase books - English. 1. Title. 498’.3
© Copyright Ronald Wright 1989
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data
Wright, Ronald. *
Quechua phrasebook.
ISBN 0 86442 039 0
Contents
INTRODUCTION 5
PRONUNCIATION Vowels - Consonants 8
GRAMMAR Word Order - Personal Pronouns - Verbs - Negatives, 12 Imperatives & Questions - Suffixes - Nouns - Possessives -Conjunctions - Adjectives
GREETINGS & CIVILITIES Greetings - Goodbyes - Other Civilities - 26 Forms of Address
Kinship Terms - Social Terms - Feelings - Some Useful Words & Phrases - Some Useful Verbs
*
Some Useful Words & Phrases
Phrases - Some Useful Words
i
Directions - Weather - Feelings Nature - Animals - Birds -Insects
Vegetables - Condiments - Fruit - Sweets - Drinks -Some Useful Words
Bargaining - Sizes - Some Useful Words - Designs - Colours**
HEALTH In an Emergency - Some Useful Phrases - Problems -Parts of the Body - Some Useful Words
NUMBERS Cardinals - Ordinals - Some Useful Words
TIME & DATES Time - Dates
VOCABULARY
7
Quechua, more often called Runasimi (‘Mouth of the People’) by those who speak it, originated thousands of years ago, probably in southern or central Peru. During the 15th and 16th centuries AD, it became the official language of Tawantinsuyu. the Inca Empire - an immense kingdom that included most of what is now Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, the northern half of Chile, and north-western Argentina. Quechua continued to spread after the Spanish invasion of 1532, and until recently it was still growing at the expense of other indigenous languages such as Aymara. It is in turn threatened by Spanish, the only official language in most of these countries today. Modern communications, education, literacy campaigns (in Spanish) and state bureaucracies have fragmented and influenced Quechua to varying degrees. It survives precariously in Ecuador but has faded in Chile, Argentina and northern Peru. It is still the dominant language (outside city centres) throughout southern Peru, parts of Bolivia and Peru’s famous mountaineering centre, the Callejon de Huaylas. There are probably about 10 million speakers of Quechua all told - roughly half the population of the Andean highlands. This makes Quechua the largest indigenous language surviving in the Americas.
Quechua varies widely from region to region. Some of this diversity dates back to ancient times, but much of it results from contact with other local languages and with Spanish. For this book I have chosen the Quechua of Cuzco, the former capital of the Inca Empire. This is considered the purest and most prestigious Quechua, and it is understood, more or less, 5
from Lake Titicaca to the Department of Ayacucho - the area most often visited by travellers to the Andes. (I have given some common variations in brackets.)
In the Quechua-speaking Andes, most town-dwellers and younger people are bilingual to some degree. Only about a quarter of all Quechua speakers are completely monolingual - generally older folk and those living in remote areas. You will need Quechua mainly when walking and trekking, visiting villages and chatting to people in markets and on the backs of trucks. Quechua was outlawed by the Spanish regime after the great Inca revolt of Tupaq Amaru II in 1780, and it was discouraged by the ‘liberator’ Simon Bolivar at the time of independence in the 1820s. Despite these measures it survived. During the recent reforms of President Juan Velasco (1968-75), Quechua was made an official language of modern Peru for the first time, but this long-overdue recognition was later weakened. It is now recognised for 'official use’ only in areas where it is widely spoken. In practice, it is very rare to see a government document in anything but Spanish.
Many people still believe, quite wrongly, that Quechua is not a written language. The Incas did not use writing as we know it, but they did have an elaborate system of knotted cords, called khipu, which were capable of transmitting all the information needed to run a highly efficient administration. During the 16th century both Spaniards and Incas learned to write Quechua in the Roman alphabet, and it has been written successfully ever since. I have followed the definitive Diccionario Quechua and Gramatica Quechua by the late Antonio Cusihuaman (Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1976).
Pronunciation
Uchuyoqchu chakrayki?
Uchuy tunpalla hamusaq.
T’ikayoqchu chakrayki?
T’ikay tunpalla hamusaq.
Are there peppers in your field?
I will pretend to come for peppers.
Has your field got flowers?
I shall come as if for flowers.
Waman Puma, Nueva Coronica, c 160
Almost all Quechua words are stressed on the second last syllable. When suffixes are added, the stressed syllable moves accordingly. Thus: llaqta (‘town’); llaqtata (‘to the town’); llaqtamanta (‘from the town’). The emphasis sometimes moves to the last syllable when a word ends in -y; this will be discussed briefly in the Grammar chapter Accents are seldom written, but a common exception is the word arí (‘yes’), which is always stressed on the í.
The most difficult sounds for an English speaker are the glottalisations, aspirations and plosive consonants. These are difficult to describe (see the following Alphabet). Pick examples from the Vocabulary and ask a Quechua speaker to demonstrate how they sound. They are very marked in the Cuzco area and south to Lake Titicaca, but less important as one moves north. They are also the sounds that were inadequately represented by the traditional alphabet used until recently. The sounds now represented by q, q', qh, k, k' 8
and kh were often written merely as c, although cc was sometimes used in the Cuzco area for q, q' and qh. Similarly, tt was sometimes used for the plosive t'. These distinctions are important (eg tanta means ‘crowd’ or ‘gathering’, but t'anta means ‘bread’; pacha means ‘world’ or ‘time’, but p'acha means ‘clothing’); however, if you have trouble with them, people will often understand what you mean from the context.
This book uses the new alphabet, standard in Peru since the 1970s.
a similar to the ‘u’ in ‘up’
e similar to the ‘e’ in get
i somewhere between the ‘i’ in hit and the
‘ea’ in ‘seat’ o similar to the ‘o’ in got
u similar to the ‘u’ in put
In Quechua there is little difference between i and e, and between o and u.
aw rhymes with English ‘how’ au as for aw
ay rhymes with ‘tie’
ey rhymes with ‘hay’
iy rhymes with ‘tea’
oy as in ‘boy’
uy similar to ‘we’
ch as in ‘choke’
ch' plosive, sharper and more abrupt than the ‘ch' in ‘cheap’
chh aspirated, try saying an ‘h’ immediately after
the ‘ch’ h as in English
k as in English
k' glottalised ‘k’, made with a click in the throat
kh aspirated ‘k’, made with a slight ‘h’ immediately
after it
I as in English
II as in Castilian Spanish; similar to the ‘lli’ in English ‘million’
m, n as in English
ñ as in Spanish; similar to ‘ny’ in the name ‘Sonya’
p as in English
p' plosive ‘p’, made with a sudden unsticking of
the lips
ph aspirated ‘p’ - in the Cuzco area this sound
approaches English ‘f'; elsewhere it is closer to ‘p' q guttural fricative similar to the ‘ch’ in Scottish ‘loch'
q Quechua ‘q’ with glottal stop - a strong click in
the throat
qh aspirated Quechua ‘q’, made with a slight ‘h’
immediately after it r softer than in Spanish; somewhere between the
of Spanish and that of British English s as the ‘s’ in sit
sh as the sh in ‘shine’; sometimes ‘sh’ is pronounced
‘sy’, as in the English words ‘miss you’ t as in English
t' plosive ‘t’, made with a sudden unsticking of
the tongue
th aspirated ‘t’; harder than ‘th’ in ‘think’
w as in English
y as in English
Older spellings often used hu, gu or u to represent w
(guaman, huayno, etc), or hispanicised the sound to v ( eg, vicuña for wik’uña). In words derived from or influenced by Spanish, the letters b, d, f, g and v may occur. These are either pronounced as in Spanish, or changed to their nearest Quechua equivalent.
This summary is intended only for beginners. For convenience I describe Quechua as if it followed English parts of speech, but it is actually quite different in structure from any European language, especially in the formation of verbs. I give three basic tenses - present, future and past -but there are many variations, including a subjunctive mood, which could not be avoided in a more detailed study Quechua is an agglutinative language, which means that words are combined and inflected by adding suffixes sometimes in long strings. Its syntax is complicated, subtle and extremely precise. But take heart: it isn’t difficult to learn the basic suffixes. The main problem, when you have got that far, is unravelling what is said back to you Remember this very useful phrase: allichu allillamanta rimay (‘please speak slowly’).
Here is an example of how suffixes can pile up (I have put hyphens to show their placement; normally a word and its suffixes are written as one):
house wasi
your house wasi-yki
your houses wasiyki-kuna
from your houses wasiykikuna-manta
The plural is always formed by adding -kuna. However, this suffix is not needed when quantity is already specified:
houses wasikuna
four houses tawa wasi
many houses askha wasi
The good news is that Quechua is not tonal and does not use gender as a semantic marker - in other words, you don’t have to worry about pitch, or whether a noun is masculine or feminine. Quechua has no definite and indefinite articles ('a'/the’), nor does it distinguish between formal and familiar versions of the second person (‘you’/‘thou’).
However, it does make a distinction between ‘we including the person spoken to’ and ‘we excluding the person spoken to'.
In general, the verb goes at the end of a sentence, but there are many exceptions to this rule. In areas of strong Spanish Influence, the word order may mimic the subject-verb-object structure of European languages. Because Quechua is fully inflected, a change in word order seldom changes the basic meaning.
I noqa (ñoqa)
you (singular) qan,
he/she/it pay,
we (but not you) noqayku (ñoqayku)
we (everyone) noqanchis (ñoqanchik)
you (plural) qankuna,
they paykuna _
Verb endings also indicate person, so you don’t always need the pronouns - but if you’re unsure of the grammar it’s a good idea to use them for clarity. Note that ‘you’ plural and ‘they are formed, logically enough, by adding -kuna to the singular forms.
Verbs Present tense
The present tense consists of a verb stem and a suffix which indicates person. Thus the present tense of rimay (‘to speak conjugates like this:
I speak noqa rima-ni
you speak qan rima-nki
he/she speaks pay rima-n
we speak noqayku rima-yku
(rima-niku)
we (all) speak noqanchis rima-nchis
(rima-nchik)
you speak qankuna rima-nkichis
(rima-nkichik)
they speak paykuna rima-nku
There are no irregular verbs. They all conjugate the same way:
to eat mihuy
you eat mihu-nki
to give qoy
you give qo-nki
to be kay
you are ka-nki
to go riy
you «o ri-nki
As in English, Quechua has a continuous present, which is made by inserting -sha (or -chka) between the verb stem and the present tense suffix:
I am speaking noqa rima-sha-ni
(rimachkani) you are speaking, etc qan rimashanki
Past tense
To form a past tense insert -ra (or -rqa) between the verb stem and the present tense suffix:
I spoke rima-ra-ni
you spoke, etc rima-ra-nki
Future tense
In colloquial speech you can often get away with using the present for the future, as long as a future action is clear from the context. The future tense goes like this:
I will speak rima-saq
you will speak rima-nki (same as present)
he/she will speak rima-nqa
we will speak rima-saqku
we all will speak rima-sun or rimasunchis
you will speak rima-nkichis
(same as present) they will speak rima-nqaku
The alternate form of ‘we will speak’, rimasunchis, also means ‘let’s speak’. The same applies to any verb; some useful examples are: risunchis or ripusunchis (‘let’s go’), tupasunchis (‘let’s meet’) and ukyasunchis (‘let’s drink’).
Present Participle
In English, the present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb stem. In Quechua it is formed by the verb stem an the suffix -spa.
speaking rima-spa
Past participle
The past participle is formed with -sqa:
You are known here. Kaypin reqsisqa kanki.
To be
The verb ‘to be’ (kay) is itself quite regular but in the third person lts function is often replaced by the suffixes -n (after vowels) mid -mi (after consonants):
What is your name? Ima-n sutiyki?
It is beautiful. Munay-mi.
However, kay is not replaced by -n or -mi in the essential phrases ‘is there?’ and ‘there is’:
Is there any bread? T’anta kan-chu?
There isn’t any. Manan kan-chu.
In the affirmative reply, both verb and -mi are used together for emphasis:
Yes, there is. Arí, kan-mi.
This verb does not really exist in Quechua. Instead of ‘I have’, one says ‘I am with’, using the suffix -yoq for ‘with’:
I have a wife. Warmi-yoq kani.
A person’s age is also expressed in this way:
You are 10 years old (ie, Chunka wata-yoq kanki. 'are with 10 years’).
Quechua has a split negative consisting of two parts, ma (or manan) and the suffix -chu:
He does not speak. Manan riman-chu.
You are not speaking. Mana rimashanki-chu.
If you are forbidding someone to do something, use ama instead of mana. Note that the imperative form of the verb is the same as the infinitive, but the last syllable may be given more emphasis:
Speak! Rimay!
Don’t speak! Ama rimay-chu!
Don’t do that! Ama chayta ruway-chu!
The suffix-chu, used by itself, makes any sentence a question:
Are you speaking? Rimashanki-chu?
Will you go away? Ripunki-chu?
However, there’s no need to use -chu if the sentence already has an interrogative word:
Why are you speaking? Imanaqtin rimashanki?
Where are you going? May tan rishanki?
There are enough suffixes for things such as uncertainty, distance, conditionality, where or when an action takes place, etc, to fill a book. Their function is similar to that of English prepositions. If you consider how the meaning of 'to
do' is modified by saying ‘do in’, ‘do up’, ‘do down’, and so on,
you have an idea of how suffixes colour meaning in Quechua, Their use is in best learned in context. Here are a few
examples:
-chi is a suffix meaning ‘to make someone do something’
to die wañuy
to kill (make die) wañu-chi-y
to look qhaway
to show (make look) qhawa-chi-y
to cry waqay
to play an instrument waqa-chi-y
-ku is a reflexive suffix - to do something to oneself
to wash maqchhiy
to wash oneself maqchhi-ku-y
(Note that Quechua has a special word for washing clothes -see Vocabulary chapter)
-ku can also be used to imply intimacy, togetherness and co-operation in an action between two or more people:
Let's talk. Rimasunchis.
Let's swap yams, Rima-ku-sunchis.
chat together.
-qti (or -pti) is important because it is the Quechua way to say 'when’ (except as a question):
to arrive chayay
when I arrive chaya-qti-y (chiyaptiy)
when you arrive chaya-qti-yki
when he arrives chaya-qti-n
-man indicates uncertainty or conditional tense:
you would take me with you pusawanki-man
-qa, which also indicates uncertainty, is important because it is often used for ‘if':
if (and when) I speak rimaqtiy-qa
if you learn well allinta yachaqtiyki-qa
-chá (note written accent) indicates doubt, possibility irony, etc. It is often used for ‘maybe’ or ‘perhaps’, especially as a question:
Perhaps this is the house? Wasi-chá?
Where could it be? Maypi-chá?
Do not confuse this with -cha (no accent), which is a simple diminutive:
little house wasi-cha
little baby wawa-cha
-lla translates roughly as ‘only’ or ‘just’:
only me noqa-lla Verb phrases
Suffixes are also used to form verb phrases involving more than one person (eg, ‘you speak to me’ or ‘he speaks to you’), The easiest and most useful is-wa, indicating ‘me’ or ‘to me’. It is simply inserted between the verb stem and the usual ending for example:
speak to me rima-wa-y
you speak to me rima-wa-nki
he/she speaks to me rima-wa-n
you (plural) speak to me rima-wa-nkichis
they speak to me rima-wa-nku
teII me ! ni-wa-y!
you tell me ni-wa-nki
Other constructions of this type change the verb ending, eg:
I speak to you rima-yki
he speaks to you rima-sunki
they speak to you rima-sunki-ku
I spoke to you rima-ra-yki
they spoke to you rima-ra-sunki-ku
I will speak to you rima-sqa-yki
There is no verbal suffix for ‘him/her’ or ‘to him/to her’. Use pay with the suffix -ta:
to him/her pay-ta
I am speaking to her paytan rimashani
Similar constructions can be used with any personal pronoun: for me
yours (of you) his (of him) whose? (of whom?)
noqa-paq
qan-pa
pay-pa
piq-pa?
Nouns
The noun itself never changes form in Quechua, but suffixes have to be added to express functions that in English are done by prepositions, pronouns, etc:
house (subject)
to the house
in the house
of the house
from the house
for the house
with the house
until (as far as) the house
|
wasi
wasi-ta
wasi-pi
wasi-q (-pa)
wasi-manta
wasi-paq
wasi-wan or wasi-yoq wasi-kama
|
Note that if the noun ends in a consonant, -pa is used instead
of the condor kuntur-pa
of this house wasin-pa
When a noun is the subject of a Quechua sentence it takes no suffix, but when it is the object it takes -to:
the house is big. Wasi hatunmi.
The wind flattens the house. Wayra wasi-ta pampachan.
Note that -manta (‘from’) can also mean ‘because of'. Remember that the English word ‘for’ covers a wide range of meanings. In Quechua (as in Spanish) it will sometimes be translated by the equivalents of ‘by’, ‘from’ or ‘because of:
How much do you charge Hayk’atan kubranki for your llama? llamayki-manta?
Suffixes for possession are similar to verb endings:
my -y
our -yki
his/her/its -n
our (but not your) -yku
our (everyone’s) -nchis (-nchik)
your -ykichis (-ykichik)
their -nku
my house your house our house their house
wasi-y
wasi-yki
wasi-yku
wasi-nku
A little more stress is sometimes put on the last syllable of words with the ‘my’ suffix (-y) to distinguish them from the simple forms.
Quechua words ending in consonants (including w and y) place -ni between the end of the word and the possessive
suffix:kuntur
condor
your condor your condors their condors
kuntur-ni-ykikuna
kuntur-ni-nkukuna
In a phrase such as ‘the man’s house’, both ‘man’ and ‘house’ may take a suffix: runa-q wasi-n (literally: ‘of the man, his house’).
As in English, nouns can modify each other directly. Not many Andean dogs have kennels, but it is perfectly good Quechua to say alqo wasi (‘dog house’). The names of the great buildings of Inca Cuzco were formed in this way:
House of the Chosen Women Aqllawasi Serpent Court Amarukancha
These are not used as widely as in European languages. Most of those in use today have been derived from Spanish:
but ichaqa or piru
or otaq
If sichus or chayqa
Connected meaning is usually (and more correctly) expressed by joining or juxtaposing words, or by adding suffixes such as -wan or -yoq:
He is coming with meat Aycha-yoq, papa-yoq
and potatoes. hamushan.
Your father and mother. Tayta-mamayki.
To be or not to be. Kay, mana kay.
Ah in English, an adjective always goes before the noun it modifies:
red house puka wasi
red houses puka wasikuna
four red houses tawa puka wasi
four big red houses tawa hatun puka wasi
Greetings & Civilities
Quechua speakers are not excessively formal and they have an earthy sense of humour, but they do appreciate good manners and respect. Remember that many people do not like having their picture taken, especially at close range - ask first. At the heart of Andean etiquette lies the idea of reciprocity. If someone does something for you, try to do something or give something in return. The exchange of small gifts, services and kindnesses is an essential social lubricant. Bottles of beer or alcohol, cigarettes, packets of sugar, canned goods and sweets for children are all good ways to show appreciation.
Bear in mind that there is still prejudice against Indians and their languages in Latin America, and that this has created identity problems for many people. Be especially careful to avoid the word ‘Indian’ (indio in Spanish); it has been used for centuries as an insult. (The polite Spanish term is indigena. Quechua speakers usually refer to themselves as Runa, which means ‘the People’.) Because of such attitudes, you may cause offence if you walk up to a stranger and start practising your Quechua. It is usually safer to make an initial greeting in Spanish, then switch to Quechua when the ice has been broken - though this is less of a problem in Cuzco where there is genuine pride in the Inca heritage. Of course, if it becomes obvious that the person you are addressing doesn’t know Spanish, it is quite all right to proceed in Quechua. Expect amusement at first, followed by warmth at the fact that a foreigner has made an effort to speak the ancient language of the Incas.
Greetings!
Napaykullayki! or Napaykuykin!
How are you? (to anyone)
Allillanchu?
How are you? (to someone you know)
Imaynallan kashanki?
How are you, sir/madam?
Allillanchu tayta / mama?
I'm fine.
Allillanmi.
Good morning / day.
Wenos dias or Allin p’unchaw.
Good afternoon/evening.
Wenas tardis.
Good evening/night.
Wenas nuchis or Allin tuta.
There are many ways of saying goodbye in Quechua. Here are some of the most common:
Until tomorrow.
Paqarinkama.
Until next time we meet.
Tupananchiskama. (Tupananchikkama.)
Until another day.
Hoqp'unchaykama.
See you later, in a while.
Ratukama.
Farewell, (final)
Sumaqllaña or Allintaña.
Other Civilities
Please.
Allichu.
Please, (only in Cuzco area)
Ama hina kaychu.
Thank you.
Yusulpayki or Grasias. (Yuspagarasunki.)
Very kind! (when thanking profusely)
Urpi sonqo!
You’re welcome, (ie, ‘it was nothing’)
Imamanta.
You’re welcome, (after giving or serving something) Hinallatapis.
May I come in? (at threshold)
Wasiykitan hamusarani?
May I come in? (if already in someone’s yard) Hanpullayki?
Come in.
Pasaykamuy.
Please wait a moment.
Allichu suyaykuy hoq ratulla.
sir (very formal) wiraqocha sir, my dear sir (formal, polite) tayta, taytay madam, my dear madam mama, mamay brother (familiar, man to man of same age) wayqi adult to little child wawita
Small Talk
Munankichu willanayta Maymantachus kanichayta?
Haqay orqo qhepanmanta,
Clavelinas chawpinmanta,
Asusinas chawpinmanta.
Would you like me to tell you Where I’m from?
I’m from beyond that mountain,
From among the carnations,
From amid the lilies.
Abancay folk song
Before approaching people, bear in mind the hints given at the beginning of the Greetings chapter. Centuries of racial and cultural prejudice have made some people uneasy about speaking Quechua. Be careful to address people in a friendly, non-patronising and unchallenging way. Always ask before taking photos and don’t do it if permission isn’t given. This is an important part of Quechua manners.
Do you speak Quechua?
Runasimita rimankichu?
Yes.
Ari.
No.
Manan.
Just a little.
Pisichallatan.
Say it again, please.
Hoqmanta niway, allichu.
Speak slowly, please.
Allillamanta rimay, allichu.
I speak........
Noqa rimani........
What is your name?
Iman sutiyki?
My name is John (Juan).
Juanmi sutiy.
His name is Robert (Roberto).
Roberton sutin.
Her name is Louise (Luisa).
Luisan sutin.
Please may I ask you a question?
Allichu tapuyukuykimanchu?
Please may I take your picture?
Allichu fotografiata horqoykimanchu?
no (forbidding) ama
please don’t do that! allichu ama chayta
ruwaychu!
mana
manan
mana.... chu or
no (simple negative) no (polite or emphatic) no (in a sentence)
| yes of course, certainly |
ama...... chu
artriki |
How old are you?
Hayk’an watayoqmi kanki?
I am years old. (See Numbers chapter for ages)
watayoqmi kani.
The words for modem nations are all the same as in Spanish To say where you are from, simply add the Quechua suffix manta (‘from’) and the verb kani (‘I am’). Similarly, to say where you live, you add the suffix -pi (‘in’) and the verb tiyani (‘I dwell’):
Where are you from?
I am from........
Australia
Canada
USA
UK
Germany
Japan
Spain
Where do you live?
I live in........
Australia I live here.
She/he lives here.
|
Maymantan kanki?
-manta kani.
Australia-
Canada-
Estados Unidos-
Inglaterra-
Alemania-
Japon-
España-
Maypin tiyanki?
......-pi tiyani.
Australia-Kaypin tiyani Kaypin tiyan.
|
I know your country/town/city.
Reqsinin llaqtaykita.
I know Cuzco.
Reqsinin Qosqota.
Do you know my country? Llaqtayta reqsinkichu?
What do you do (for a living)?
Imatan ruwanki?
What is your work?
Imapin llank’anki?
I am a........
doctor (or nurse)
driver
farmer
student
teacher
weaver
writer
Are you a farmer?
Allpa llank’aqchu kanki?
daughter father
godfather (of one’s child) godmother (of one’s child) husband
Immediate family man’s brother man’s sister mother
|
-mi kani.
hampiq-
chofer-
allpa llank’aq-
yachaq-
yachachiq-
awaq-
qelqaq-
ususi or warmi wawa tayta
marq’a tayta, kumpari marq’a mama, kumari qosa
phamilla (ayllu) wayqi (wawqi) pana mama
churi, qhari wawa
|
wife
woman’s brother woman’s sister
baby
boy, youth
extended family, clan foreigner, ‘gringo’ foreigners, outsiders (general) girl (teenager or young woman) holder of public office in village man
members of same community mestizo
senior and/or educated man small child
Spaniard, white person
stranger
woman
young person (either sex)
|
warmi tura (turi) ñaña
erqe, wawa wayna ayllu gringu hawa runa
sipas
llaqtatayta
qhari
llaqtamasikuna
misti
wiraqocha wawa, wawacha wiraqocha
karu llaqtayoq (phorastero) warmi
|
The word ‘gringo’ usually means any white foreigner, and is not necessarily insulting. It can also mean a Peruvian of mainly European features. The feminine form is gringa in Spanish; this may also be used in Quechua.
Some useful phrases
Have you got a wife/husband?
Warmiyoqchu/qosayoqchu kanki? Have you got any children?
Wawayoqchu kanki?
How many children have you got?
Hayk’an wawayki?
In this your child?
Wawaykichu?
Yes, she/he is my child.
Ari, wawaymi.
I am cold.
Chiriwashan.
I am hot (from walking, sun, etc).
Ruphariwashan.
I am hungry.
Yarqawashan.
I am thirsty.
Ch’akiwashan.
I am tired.
Sayk’usqa kani.
I don’t know.
Mana yachanichu.
I don’t remember.
Mana yuyanichu.
Is that so?/Isn’t it?
Cheqaq?/Cheqaqta?
listen haku! hakuchis!
|
hamuy
tusuy
ukyay/upyay/tomay
mihuy (mikhuy)
qonqay
reqsiy
riy
ripuy
uyariy
|
to know (a fact) yachay
to know people or places reqsiy
to play a game pukllay
to play an instrument waqachiy
to remember yuyay
to see rikuy
to sing takiy
to work llank ’ay
Empresachallay Felix Barbardn,
Apurachawta, aparullaway.
Warma yanaysi suyallawachkan Ayakuchulla kuntrulchallapi.
Bus line Felix Barbaran,
Hurry! Carry me quickly.
They say my lover is waiting for me At the Ayacucho checkpoint.
Ayacucho folk song
Travellers in the Andes will find every kind of transport from aeroplane to mule. Llamas are used only for carrying loads of up to 25 kg (50 pounds) - they cannot be ridden by adults but are a colourful pack animal for hiking (see the Trekking chapter). You will not need Quechua for dealing with airlines, but it will be useful for talking to fellow passengers in buses, trucks and trains, and on the road. Because of guerrilla and army activity in some parts, it is a good idea to be well informed before setting off.
Is there a bus?
Omnibus kanchu?
Is there a truck?
Karro kanchu?
Is there a bus to Lima?
Kanchu omnibus Limaman?
38
Does this bus go to Cuzco?
Qosqomanchu kay karro rin?
When will it leave?
Hayk’aqmi lloqsinqa?
When will it return here?
Hayk’aqmi kutimunqa?
How much is the fare?
Hayk’an kwestan pasahi? (Hayk’an balin pasahi?) Where does it stop?
Maypin sayan?
Please stop here.
Allichu, kaypi sayay.
Please tell me when we get to........
Allichu,........-man chayaqtinchis willaway.
On foot
Does this path go to Ayacucho?
Kay ñan Ayakuchumanchu rin?
Where does this path go to?
Kay ñan maymanmi rin?
Where are you going to?
May tan rinki?
Where is.... ?
Maypin........?
Is it very far?
Nishu karuchu?
Please hurry.
Allichu apuray.
Note north and south are the same as up and down. Up and down are very important categories in the mountainous Quechua world.
up
upwards
down
downwards
north
south
east
west
above, beside above the town beside the road on
a stone is on the road right right hand side left
left hand side straight ahead
|
wichay, hanay
hawan
uray
uran
wichay (uma suyu) uray
intiq lloqsinan intiq chinkanan pata
llaqta pata flan pata -patapi rumin ñanpatapi paña
paña laru lloq’e lloq’e laru dirichu, rectu
|
A word such as may (‘where’) is seldom used without a suffix to indicate whether it means ‘to where?’, ‘in where?’ and so on;
where? (in general) at/in where? to where? from where?
|
may? maypin?
maytan? or mayman? maymantan?
|
here (in this place) kaypi
there (in that place) chaypi
over there haqaypi
behind qhepanpi
behind that wall chay pirqaq qhepanpi
in, at -pi
in the town llaqtapi
at the comer k’uchupi, iskinapi
middle, centre chawpin
in the middle chawpinpi
Is there a .....? kanchu?
motor vehicle (truck karro, awtu
or car)
bus omnibus
bicycle bisikilita
ticket bulitu
to (referring to speaker’s -ta
action)
to (referring to another -man
person or action)
to Lima Limata, Limaman
to Cuzco Qosqota, Qosqoman
when? hayk’aq?
motor road (usually karitira
gravel surface) paved highway pista
footpath runa ñan
llama trail llama ñan
to hurry, go faster apuray
karu
sirka, sispa (qaylla) nishu karu
far near very far
Accommodation
Mamallayqa wachakuwasqa,
Taytallayqa churillawasqa ...
Para puyupi chawpichallampi Puyu hina muyunallaypaq.
My mother bore me,
And my father begot me ...
In the middle of the storm So I would wander like a cloud.
Ayacucho folk song
Spanish is spoken in all hotels, guest houses, and hostels in cities and larger towns. You will need Quechua mainly when staying as a paying guest with local families in the country, for example on Takili Island in Lake Titicaca. Such accommodation is usually very basic - often just a sleeping platform covered with reed mats or sheepskins. A bucket and basin may be provided for washing, and the lavatory is usually a bush or a field. Fuel is scarce in the Andes, so hot water is a luxury reserved for making tea or coffee. Do not expect towels, soap, and other luxuries. Bring whatever you may need, including a torch.
I am looking for a place to sleep.
Maskashanin wasita puñunaypaq.
Please may I stay here?
Allichu puñupayukuykimanchu?
43
Please may we stay here?
Allichu puñupayukuykikumanchu?
How much does it cost per night?
Hayk’an balin sapa tutan?
Is there ..... ? Kanchu........ ?
a toilet bañu
water to wash unu maqchhikunapaq
hot water q ’oñi unu
anything to eat mihuna
anything to drink ukyanapaq imapas
Where can I pee?
Maypin hisp’akuyman?
Where is the ....... ?
Maypin............. ?
Could you give (ie lend) me ?
Paqta ...............-ta maftawankiman?
May I have (ie can you lend me) a blanket?
Paqta qatata mañawankiman?
May I leave my luggage here?
Paqta q’epiyta saqeykiman kaypi?
May I leave my luggage with you? Paqta q’epiyta saqeyukuykiman?
ashtray siyaru uspha churana
bed puñuna
two beds iskay puñuna
double bed iskaypaq puñuna
bill kwenta
blanket qata (frisara)
breakfast (ie hot drink) unu q’oñi (mati)
coffee kafiy
hotel, guest house alohamiento; visita wasi
house, building wasi
key wisq’ana (llawi)
lodge (in someone puñupakuy
else’s house) pillow sawna
room kwartu
soap hawun
tea tiy
to clean, sweep pichay
to sleep puñuy
towel ch’akichikuna (tuwalla)
Trekking
Ch’illik’utus qhawamuwan Ruminanra ukhumanta.
Imaynaraq rikumuwan Huchuychallan ñawichanwan?
The grasshopper watches me From down among the pebbles.
How does he see me With his tiny little eyes?
Abancay folk song
i
Hiking and trekking are the best ways to get to know the Andes. There are footpaths and animal trails leading deep into the hinterland, and in some areas you can follow beautifully built Inca roads across swamps, along cliff faces, and over high passes. On such trips you will be able to visit traditional villages and remote ruins in spectacular settings. In Cuzco and the Callejon de Huaylas there are good local outfitters who run regular treks at reasonable prices. They usually employ local Quechua-speaking porters and provide all camping equipment, food, and emergency oxygen. Some of them use llama or mule trains for carrying the gear. You can also set off on your own, but remember to make enquiries about guerrilla and army activity before doing so. Also, be prepared for rigorous conditions and high altitudes. Tent, stove, water and fuel bottles, sleeping bag, rain jacket, and a good state of fitness are all essentials. Bear in mind that firewood is very scarce in most of the Andes, and that locals 46 need what there is. If you experience altitude sickness (symptoms include headache, nausea, mental confusion) try to go down to a lower level immediately. Glucose tablets and coca leaf tea will help, but be on your guard for life-threatening problems such as pulmonary oedema, in which the lungs fill with fluid. If you haven’t hiked in mountains before begin with a few day trips from town.
I want to walk in the hills.
Munanin orqokunapi puriyta.
Are you willing to take/guide me?
Munawankimanchu pusayta/guiayta?
Are you able to take me?
Atiwankimanchu pusayta?
Have you got llamas?
Kanchu llamaykikuna?
Can you drive the llamas for us?
Atiwaqchu llamakuna qatiyta?
Which is the way to Cuzco?
Maynintan Qosqoman rin?
Is the trail difficult?
Sasachu ñan?
How many days will it take?
Hayk’a p’unchawpin chayaman?
Is there water there?
Kanchu unu chaypi?
Is there good food there?
Kanchu allin mihuna chaypi?
Is there a flat place for the tent?
Kanchu pampa karpapaq?
Is it cold?
Chirinchu?
Is it hot?
Ruphachu?
We will (all) set out next week.
Hawa simanata lloqsisunchis.
We (not you) will set out.
Ñoqayku lloqsisaqku.
How much will you Hayk’atan
charge ? kubrawanki ..... ?
each day sapa p’unchay
for three or four days kinsa otaq tawa
p’unchaypaq
each week sapa simanan
each month sapa killan
for guiding me pusawasqaykimanta
for (the hire of) llamaykikunamanta
your llamas for food mihunamanta
for your food mihunaykimanta
for our (but not your) mihunaykumanta
food
We (not you) need firewood.
Llant’ata munayku. (munaniku)
We (all) need firewood.
Llant’ata munanchis. (munanchik)
Come here, please.
Hamuy kayman, allichu.
Please tie up your dog.
Allichu atahay alqoykita.
Please untie this horse.
Allichu kachariy kay kawalluta. Is this Chinchero?
Kaychu Chinchiru?
What is that over there?
Haqayri imataq?
Where can I pee?
Maypin hisp’akuyman?
| What is the name of ......?
this that yonder that village that (yonder) village over there?
| ........ iman sutin?
kaypa chaypa haqaypa chay llaqtaq haqay llaqtaq
|
|
carefully
cigarette
coca leaves
difficult
easy
firewood
frying pan
gasoline, petrol
kerosene
knife
lime for chewing with coca load, pack (on animal)
|
susikullawan
siyaru
kuka
sasa
phasil
llant’a
theqtichina (sarten)
gasolina
kerosin
kuchuna (kuchillu)
llipt’a
karga
|
map mapa
pit oven pachamanka
pot (for cooking) p’unqo p’uku, manka
rope waskha
slowly susikullamanta,
susiyllawan tent, tarpaulin karpa
to chew coca hallpay, akuy (pikchay)
to drive pack animals qatiy
to need munay, nesitay
water unu iyaku)
north wichay (uma suyu)
south uray
east intiq lloqsinan
west intiq chinkanan
up wichay, hanay
upwards hawan
down uray
downwards uran
above, beside pata
right paña
right hand side paña laru
left lloq’e
left hand side lloq’e laru
straight ahead dirichu, rectu
cloud phuyu
cold chiri
fog, mist pacha phuyu
I am cold.
Chiriwashan.
I am hot (from walking, sun, etc).
Ruphariwashan.
I am hungry.
Yarqawashan.
I am thirsty.
Ch’akiwashan.
I am in pain.
Nanawashan.
I am sleepy.
Puñuy aysawan.
She/he is sleepy.
Puñuy aysan.
I am tired.
Sayk’usqa kani.
She/he is tired.
Sayk’usqa kan.
We are tired.
Noqayku sayk’usqa kayku. (kaniku)
altiplano, puna puna (sallqa)
bridge chaka
bush, shrub sach’a
cave mach’ay
crag, cliff, large rock qaqa
hill moqo
ice peak, snow cap rit’i orqoq puntan (rasu)
jungle, hot valley yunka
lake, pond qocha
moon killa
mountain orqo
mountain pass q’asa
planet (especially Venus) qoyllur ravine, valley wayq’o
ridge, path up a hill sinqa
river, stream, creek mayu
sacred mountain peak, apu (wamani)
mountain god
shade llanthu
slope, steep hillside qhata
spring puhu (pukyu)
star ch’aska
stone, rock rumi
sun inti
thorns kiska
tree mallki
waterfall, rapids phaqcha (paqcha)
animal (in general) animal
alpaca alpaka
bear ukuku
bull turu
cat michi (misi)
chicken wallpa
cow waka
deer taruka
dog alqo (allqu)
domestic animal uywa animal i
donkey asnu
goat kawra
guanaco wanaku
guinea pig qowi
horse
llama
monkey
mule
puma, mountain lion rabbit (domestic) sheep vicuna
viscacha (rabbit like rodent) wild animal
bird
condor
dove (usually wild) hawk, falcon hummingbird
fly
honey bee mosquito tick
worm, maggot, caterpillar kawallu
|
llama
k’usillu
mula
khuchi
puma
lima qowi
uwiha (uqwe)
wik’uña
wisk’acha
salqa animal
pichinchu
kuntur
urpi
waman
q’enti
ch’uspi
misk’i wanqoyro qhete-ch’uspi hamak’u kuru
|
Food
Chuspitas uywani Qori raprachata,
Chuspitas uywani Nina ñawichata.
Chinchir botellapis Ñoqaqa uywani;
Nis pipas yachanchu Uhyanchus manachus,
Nis pipas yachanchu Mihunchus manachus.
I am raising a fly With little golden wings,
I am raising a fly With little eyes of fire.
In a ginger ale bottle I keep it;
Nobody knows If it drinks or not,
And nobody knows Whether it eats.
Ayacucho folk song, collected by J M Arguedas
In almost all restaurants and hotels the staff speak Spanish. This section will be most useful when trekking, staying in nmall villages, or visiting chicha bars in Andean cities such 55
as Cuzco. It must be said that local food tends to be lacking in variety and is often served lukewarm. Potatoes and corn are Andean staples; rice, introduced by the Spaniards, is favoured by the middle and upper classes. In high altitude zones - for example the Lake Titicaca area - various kinds of freeze-dried potato such as ch’uñu are eaten. Soups and stews are common, which is why the word for soup chupi is also used for ‘lunch’. Special Andean grains such as quinoa have a nutty flavour and are highly nutritious.
Traditional delicacies are qowi (‘guinea-pig’) and anything roasted in the pit oven pachamanka, in which meat and tubers are buried with hot stones and left to cook in the ground. Fish, including good trout, is available in some areas. Meat is scarce outside tourist centres, but good beef (lomo fino) can be had in Cuzco’s better restaurants.
food mihuna
water unu (yaku)
Is there anything to eat? Kanchu mihuna?
Yes, there is.
Arí, kanmi.
No, there isn’t.
Manan kanchu.
What is there to eat?
Imataq mihunapaq kan?
Is there any food without meat?
Kanchu ima mihunapas mana aychayoq.
I can’t eat ......... .
.......-ta mana mihuyta atimchu.
That makes me ill.
Chayqa onqochiwanmi.
What is there to drink?
Imataq ukyaypaq kan?
Please bring me some more beer.
Allichu astawan sirwisaykita apamuway. Please bring me some more bread.
Allichu astawan t’antaykita apamuway.
Just a little, please.
Pisichallata, allichu.
Please heat this up for me.
Allichu kayta q’oñichipay.
I’m full.
Saksasqa kani.
Good food!
Sumaq mihuna!
We want to buy a chicken.
Wallpata rantiyta munayku.
Can you sell me ? Icha....-ta
bendiwankiman! some food mihuna-
some eggs runtu-
two chickens iskay wallpa-
a sheep uwiha-
meat aycha
dried meat, jerky ch’arki
lamb, mutton uwiha aycha
pork khuchi aycha
fish challwa
dried fish ch’arki challwa
trout trucha
egg runtu
chicken wallpa
bread t’anta
corn on the cob choqllo
cooked corncob choqllo wayk’u
toasted corn kernel shank’a
boiled corn kernels mot’e
maize in general, maize sara
plant
rice arus
quinoa (nutritious kiwña (kinwa)
Andean grain) cañihua (similar to quinoa) qañiwa
avocado palta
potato papa
fried potato, chips papa theqtichisqa
freeze-dried potato ch’uñu
potato soup papa chupi
dried-potato soup ch’uñu chupi
large chilli pepper, roqoto
bell pepper broad bean, fava bean hawas
black bean purutu
chilli uchu
with chilli uchuyoqta
without chilli mana uchuyoqta
salt kachi
with salt kachiyoqta
without salt mana kachiyoqta
fruit (general) sachaq rurun (phruta)
banana latanus
orange laranha
Anything sweet misk’i
honey wanqoyro misk’i, miel
(antimiski) sugar asukar
with sugar asukarniyoqta
without sugar mana asukarniyoqta
boiled water t’impusqa unu
tea tiy
coffee kafiy
milk lichi
with milk lichiyoqta
without milk mana lichiyoqta
soft drink, pop kola, gasiosa
beer sirwisa
chicha (local maize beer) aha chicha bar aha-wasi
breakfast (hot drink) unu-q ’oñi, mati
lunch chupi, almusay
dinner tuta mihuy, sinay
cooked chayasqa
hot (spicy) haya
hot (temperature) q ’oñi
to heat (food, etc) q ’oñichiy
soup lawa, chupi
raw hanku
fresh phisku
rotten, bad ismu, leqhe
Shopping
Most shopkeepers are Spanish speaking, but you will find Quechua useful in remote areas, when buying from street Hellers and for establishing rapport with people in markets.
The currency of Ecuador is the sucre, of Bolivia the peso, and of Peru the inti. All have been afflicted by galloping inflation in recent years. In Peru the currency used to be called the sol, which was devalued by 1000 to create the inti (the words mean ‘sun’ in Spanish and Quechua respectively); some people still think in soles. Quechua requires no plural suffix when quantity is specified, but Peruvian Quechua speakers tend to say intis (rather than inti) to distinguish the money from the sun.
money qolqe (qollqe)
1000 intis waranqa intis
change kambiyu
Most shopkeepers use the metric system of grams (gramos) and kgs (kilos). Some old Spanish weights such as the libra (‘pound’) are still in use, but don’t worry about them. Things you are likely to buy from Quechua-speakers will usually be sold in small piles or by number.
I am looking for a poncho.
Ponchota maskashani. (maskachkani) Is it alpaca?
Alpakamantachu?.
It’s pretty.
Munaychan.
It’s very fine.
Ancha sumaqmi.
How much?
Hayk ’an ? or Imaynan ?
How much does it cost?
Hayk’an kwestan?
How much is that poncho?
Hayk’ataq chay ponchori?
How much are your sweaters?
Imaynan chompaykikuna?
Where can I buy a ?
Maypin..... -ta rantikuyman ?
A little.
Aslla, pisi.
Less.
Aswan pisi.
A lot.
Nishu, ancha.
More.
Astawan, aswan.
Just a little more.
Asllatawan.
Just a very little.
Pisichallata.
That’s too much.
Nishun, anchan.
Please give me a good price.
Allichu allin chaninta qoway. Lower the price for me. Chanintaya pisiyachiway.
big hatun
bigger aswan hatun
small huchuy
smaller aswan huchuy
long wask’a
short tinku, taksa
It’s too big.
Nishu hatunmi.
It’s too long.
Nishu wask’an.
belt chumpi
cotton utku
different wak, hoqniraq
flute (quena) qena
knitted cap with earflaps ch’ullu leather qara
panpipe antara
poncho poncho
same kikin, kikillan
shawl lliklla
sweater chompa
scarf chalina
thick rakt’a, ramphu, runkhi
thin llapsa, llañu
weaving awa
wool willma (millma)
design, motif pallay
(especially on weavings)
coca flower motif kuka t’ika pallay
flower t’ika
horse motif kawallu pallay
llama motif llama pallay
potato flower motif papa t’ika pallay
Tupaq Amaru motif Tupaq Amaru pallay
zig-zag river motif mayu q’enqo pallay
colour llimpi (kulur)
black yana
black & white alqa(muru)
blue anqas (asul)
brown ch’umpi
(lark, smoky, greyish-brown q’osñi green q’omer
grey, leaden oqe
red puka
white yuraq
yellow q’ellu
Health
Health professionals (except for some local healers) in Peru Bolivia and Ecuador always speak Spanish. The words and phrases in this chapter will be most useful while trekking or visiting some of the more out of the way villages. It is not possible to give Quechua equivalents of medical terms such as ‘allergy’, ‘antibiotic’, and ‘penicillin’. The Spanish words for these are provided, but they may not be understood by Quechua speakers.
Please bring a doctor.
Allichu medikota apamuy.
Please take me to a hospital.
Allichu uspitalman pusaway.
Please help me! (urgent)
Allichu yanaparqokuway!
Please help me. (less urgent)
Allichu yanapaway.
I think my leg is broken.
Chakichus hina p’akisqa kashan.
Please carry me (on your back).
Allichu qh’epiway.
Carry me (on a stretcher).
Wantuway.
I have allergies.
Alergiayoqmi kashani.
I cannot take (eat) that.
Chayta mana mihuyta atinichu. This will make me ill.
Kayta onqochiwanqa.
Antibiotics make me ill.
Antibidticokunata onqochiwanku. Penicillin makes me ill.
Penicilinata onqochiwanmi.
I’m pregnant. wiksayoq kashani.
I’m not well.
Manan allinchu kashani.
I am weak.
Manan kallpay kanchu.
I’m not getting better.
Mana alliyashanichu.
It hurts.
Nanan.
I think I may have altitude sickness.
Suruchiwanchus hina kashani.
My eyes can’t see properly.
Manan sut’itachu ñawiy rikun.
I have the shits.
Q’echa onqoywan kashani.
My stomach is bad. (more polite) Wiksaymi mana allinchu.
I am constipated.
Aka k’iskiwan kashani.
I am feeling nauseous. Millanayawashanmi.
I have a headache.
Uma nanaywan kashani.
I have a temperature.
Ruphariywan kashani.
I have a cold/’flu.
Chhulliwan kashani.
ankle chaki moqhochu (pichuski)
arm brasu
arse siki
back wasa
belly, stomach wiksa
blood yawar
bone tullu
breast (woman’s) ñuñu
buttock siki papan
chest qhasqo
ear ninri (rinrir)
eye ñawi
finger riru
foot chaki
hand maki
head uma
heart sonqo
knee moqo (qonqor)
leg chaka
lung sorq’an
mouth simi
neck kunka
nose sinqa
penis qhari kay
shoulder rikra
skin qara
throat tonqor
tongue qallu
vagina warmi kay
allergy alergia (Spanish word may
not be understood) altitude sickness (soroche) suruchi, qhayqa doctor mediko
illness in general onqoy
local curer hampiq
medicine hampi
stretcher or litter wantu
to carry on a stretcher wantuy
to cure hampiy
to get better alliyay
to get worse aswan ruway, phurtiy
Numbers
Quechua numbers follow the decimal system; they progress logically and are easy to learn. ‘Twelve’, for example, is ‘ten-plus-two’, ‘twenty’ is ‘two tens’ and so on:
1/2
|
kuskan
|
1
|
hoq
|
2
|
iskay
|
3
|
kinsa
|
4
|
tawa
|
5
|
pisqa (pichqa)
|
6
|
soqta
|
7
|
qanchis
|
8
|
pusaq
|
9
|
isqon
|
10
|
chunka
|
11
|
chunka-hoq-ni-yoq
|
12
|
chunka-iskay-ni-yoq
|
13
|
chunka-kinsa-yoq
|
14
|
chunka-tawa-yoq
|
15
|
chunka-pisqa-yoq
|
16
|
chunka.-soqta.-yoq
|
17
|
chunka-qanchis-ni-yoq
|
18
|
chunka-pusaq-ni-yoq
|
19
|
chunka-isqon-ni-yoq
|
20
|
iskay chunka
|
30
|
kinsa chunka
|
40
|
tawa chunka
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kinsa chunka iskayniyoq |
Ordinal numbers (‘2nd’, ‘3rd’, etc) can be formed in two ways:
2nd iskay ñaqen or iskay kaq
3rd kinsa ñaqen or kinsa kaq
‘1st’ is the only exception; it is formed with the word ñawpaq, which means ‘previous’ or ‘before’:
1st ñawpaq ñaqen or ñawpaq kaq
ñawpaq ñaqen kuti
the first time
The related word ñawpa means ‘ancient’:
the ancient ones ñawpa machukuna
once hoq kuti
twice iskay kuti
three times kinsa kuti
10 times chunka kuti
The number ‘one’, hoq, also means ‘another’ or ‘next’:
another time hoq kutin until the next time hoq kutikama again hoqmanta
Quechua has a useful suffix, -nti, that denotes a numbered group or set. For example the name of the Inca Empire:
The United Four Parts Tawa-nti-n-suyu
This suffix can also be personified:
we four tawa-nti-nchis we five pisqantinchis
Time & Dates
Hoqta kutimusaq chaypachankiqa Asusinas hina p’anchiyushanki;
Hoqta vueltamusaq chaypachankiqa,
Hamank’ay hinachu t’ikayushanki?
When I come back another time,
You will be budding like the lilies;
When I return again,
Will you not be flowering like the daffodil?
Chinchero potato planting song
When referring to the time of day, the word uras (hours) is used with the usual grammatical suffixes. (See the Numbers and Grammar chapters.) In areas where people don’t own watches, they tell time by the sun; for example qhata inti (‘sloping sun’), which means late afternoon. Some of these expressions are included, along with other useful words and phrases.
What time is it?
Ima urasmi kashani Do you know the time?
Urata yachankichu?
It is six o’clock.
Soqta urasmi.
It is half past two.
Iskay uras kuskanniyoqmi.
74
It is twenty past eight.
Pusaq liras iskay chunka minutoyoqmi.
It is twenty to eight.
Iskay chunka minuto phaltan pusaq uraspa.
Until five o’clock.
Pisqa uraskama.
At seven o’clock.
Qanchis urasta.
When?
Hayk’aq?
We will meet ................. tupasunchis.
at 10 o’clock chunka urasta
tomorrow paqarin
now kunan
at once, right now kunan pacha
today kunan p’unchay
{kunan punchaw)
in a little while ratupi
tomorrow paqarin
tomorrow morning paqarin tutamantan
early tomorrow morning paqarin tutallamanta
tomorrow afternoon paqarin tayrin
or evening
tomorrow night paqarin tuta
day after tomorrow mincha
until -kama
until tomorrow paqarinkama
until April awril killakama
Past
yesterday qayniwanchay
(qayna punchaw) the other day, a qaynimpa
few days ago before ñawpaqqa
in ancient times ñawpa pachapi
afterwards qhepa, chaymanta
and afterwards chaymantaqa
last night ch’isi tuta
the night before last qayna tuta
Some useful words & phrases
a time or turn kuti
a while ratu
evening (sunset to ch’isin
about 10 pm) hour, time of day ura, uras
late afternoon qhata inti
(about 3 to 5 pm) many times ancha kuti
midday chaw pi p’unchay
midnight chawpi tuta
night (sunset to sunrise) tuta
sundown (last hour of light) intiq haykunan uras sunrise (first hour of light) intiq lloqsimunan uras time (general) pacha
Years
To form a date, simply put the word wata, (‘year’), after the number (See the Numbers chapter).
1989 waranqa isqon pachak
pusaq chunka isqonniyoq wata
I came in 1989. Waranqa isqon pachak
pusaq chunka isqonniyoq watapi hamurani. this year kunan wata
last year qayna wata
half year kuskan wata
Months
month, moon killa
The names of months are derived from Spanish:
January enero killa
February fewriro killa
March marsu killa
April awril killa
May mayu killa
June huniyo killa
July huliyo killa
August agusto killa
September sitimbre killa
October oktubre killa
November nowimbre killa
December disimbre (dishimbre) killa
78 Vocabulary Weeks
week simana
last week ura simana
next week hawa simana
fortnight kuskan killa
Days
day p’unchay (punchaw)
half day kuskan p’unchay
The names of days of the week also come from Spanish:
Sunday domingo
Monday lunis
Tuesday martis
Wednesday mirkulis
Thursday huywis
Friday birnis
Saturday sawaru
Vocabulary
A
ache, physical pain - nanay advise, inform - willay aeroplane - awiyun afterwards - chaymantataq again - hoqmanta alcohol - trawu all, everything - llapa, lliw almost - yaqa alone - sapa, sapalla already - -ña also, too - -pas although - chaypas always - wiñay among, inside - uhu (ukhu) ancient - ñawpa
another, a different one - wak, hoqniraq
arrive - chayay (chiyay)
ask (a question) - tapuy
ask (for something) - qochikuy, mañakuy
ask for something back - manuchay
assist - yanapay
aunt - tiya
B
backpack, luggage - q’epi bad - mana allin bag (large) - wayaqa bag (small) - ch’uspa bat(mammal) - masu be - kay be able - atiy beautiful - munay, sumaq because - -manta, -rayku bed - puñuna
before (order of things) - ñawpaqta before (time) - ñawpaq, ñawpaqqa believe (in religious sense) - iniy (My) beside - siki better - aswan allin big - hatun bigger - aswan hatun black - yana
bloom, blossom (noun) - sisa bloom, blossom (verb) - sisay blue - anqas (asul) blue (of eyes only) - qhosi book - liwru bottom, arse - siki brown - ch’umpi bum, set fire to - kanay but - ichaqa, piru buy, exchange - rantiy
call (by shouting, by telephone, etc) - wahay
call (to name) - sutichay
capital city - uma llaqta
carry, take (with you) - apay
cat (domestic) - michi (misi) cave - mach’ay
chicha (homemade maize beer) - aha
chicha bar - ahawasi
choose - akllay (aqllay)
cigarette - siyaru
city - llaqta, hatun llaqta
clean, sweep (verb) - pichay
clean (adjective) - luylu, limphiyo
clean, pure (water or food) - ch’uya
clothing, clothes - p’acha
colour - llimpi (kulur)
come - hamuy
companion - masi
copy - qatichikuy
comer (outside) - k’uchu
corner (inside) -huk’i
country, nation - llaqta
courtyard, enclosure, corral - kancha
crazy - loko, waq'a (qayqa)
crowd, group - tanta
cry, weep - waqay
crystal, glass - qespi
damp -hoq’o deaf - upa dead - wañusqa delicious - sumaq die (verb) - wañuy different - wak difficult - sasa dirty - qhelli (qanra)
disease - onqoy
do, make - ruway
dog - alqo (allqu)
door, gate - punku
drink - ukyay (upyay)
drink alcohol - ukyay, tomay
drum (small), tambourine - tinya
drum (large) - wankar (tambur)
drunk - machasqa
dye - tinina
each (relating to time) - sapa
each (thing) - sapanka
earth (planet, physical world) - kay pacha
earth goddess (Mother Earth) - Pachamama, Mamapacha
earth (soil) - allpa (hallpa)
easy - phasil
eat - mihuy (mikhuy)
electricity, electric light - lus
end, limit - tukuy
enemy - awqa, kontra, enimigu
enter - haykuy, pasayuy
every - llapa, lliw
everything - tukuy
everywhere - hinastin
exchange, barter - rantiy
far - karu farmyard - kancha fat, grease - wira
fat person - wirasapa feed (especially animals) - qaray fetch, go and get - pusamuy few - pisi
field (cultivated) - chakra (chaqra) find (something lost) - tarikuy finish (verb) - tukuy fire - nina
first - ñawpaq, primer flat, flat place - pampa flat, smooth, straight - siwk flower - t’ika
fly, run (verb) - phaway (phalay)
fodder (grass, alfalfa, etc) - pastu, llullu
follow - qatiy, qatikuy
forget - qonqay
friend - urpi, wayqi, amigu
full (satisfied with meal) - saksasqa
full (complete) - hunt’d
gather, collect - pallay get, earn - tariy give - qoy
give away, present - qoyuy give birth (women) - wachakuy give birth (animals) - wachay glass - qespi go -riy
go away - ripuy gold - qori good - allin green - q’omer grow - wiñay
A
hair of the head - chukcha
hair of the body or an animal - suphu
hand - maki
handwoven - makiwan awasqa
happy - kusi, kusisqa (sami)
hat - sombriru
halt, stop (oneself) - sayay
halt, stop (someone else) - sayachiy
have - see Grammar chapter
he, she, it - pay
heal, cure - hampiy
hear, listen - uyariy
heaven, upper world - hanaq pacha
heavy - llasa
help (verb) - yanapay
help me! - yanapaway!
here - kay
hire, rent - alkilay, arinday
hole - t’oqo
hot - rupha, q’oñi
house - wasi
how? - imayna?
how cold! - alalaw!
how much? - hayk’an? imaynan?
how pretty! how delicious! - añañaw!
how sad! - akakaw! (achakaw!)
how terrible! - atataw!
how tiring! how tired I am! - hananaw!
humankind - runa husband - qosa
I - noqa (ñuqa) imitate - qatichikuy
immediately, very soon - hanqa, chaymantataq in - -pi
in the middle - chawpinpi Inca - inka inform, tell - willay inside - uhu
intelligent, wise, mentally gifted - yuyaysapa it, he, she - pay
joke - asina
joker, comedian - asichikuq justice - chaninchay (hustisya) judge, bring to justice - chaninchay juice - hilli
keep - waqaychay
keep something for someone else - churapuy
kill - wañuchiy
know (a fact) - yachay
know (places) - reqsiy, rikuy
know (people or places), get to know - reqsiy
lake - qocha lead, guide - pusay leaden (colour) - oqe leather - qara
leave, go away - lloqsiy, ripuy leave something - saqey left (not right) - lloq’e lend - mañay life, existence - kawsay light (in weight) - chhallalla light (illumination) - k’anchay like, want (verb) - munay
like, like this, like that, thus - hina, hinaspa, akna
listen, hear - uyariy
little - huchuy
live, exist - kawsay
live in - tiyay
long live! (viva! ) - kawsachun!
long (length) - wask’a
lose one’s way, get lost - chinkay
lost, hidden - chinkasqa
love - munay, waylluy, khuyay
luggage, baggage - q’epi
make - ruway
make a mistake - pantay
man - qhari
many, a lot of - askha
market - qhatu, plasa
mayor, community leader - varayoq, alkaldi meet, meet up with - tinkuy, tupay member (of community, club, etc) - masi money - qolqe (qollqe) month - killa moon - killa more - astawan, aswan more or less - yaqa, yaqapas morning - paqarin mountain - orqo mountain lion - puma much - ancha
name - suti name (verb) - sutichay narrow - k ’ikllu nation, town, city - llaqta near - sirka, sispa (qaylla) neck - kunka neighbour - wasi-masi new - musuq
next (following) - hamuq, qatiq nothing - manan imapas now - kunan right now - kunan pacha
of - -q, -pa of course - riki often - ñataq-ñataq old - machu
old (worn out) - mawk’a, thanta on - -pi, -pata
88 Vocabulary only - -lla
open (verb) - kichay open - kicha, kichasqa
paper - papil parents - taytamama pasture (verb) - michiy pen, pencil - lapis people - runa
perhaps - icha, paqta (kisa) play (verb) - pukllay {puqllay) pond - qocha
poor, poor person - wakcha (waqcha) poverty - wakcha-kay pregnant - wiksayoq pretty - munaycha
Quechua speakers - runa quickly (motion) - llukulla, usqhay quickly (time) - ratulla, ratuchalla, askama quiet, silence - ch’in
ray (of sun, etc) - chipchiy read - qhaway, leyiy real, genuine - sut’i, cheqaq red - puka region - suyu
remember - yuyay, yuyariy rich, wealthy - qhapaq right (correct) - chanin right! - kusa! right (not left) - paña road - ñan rope - waskha round - muyu
ruins - ñawpa llaqta, purun llaqta S
same - kiki say, tell - niy scarcity - pisiy sea - mama qocha see - rikuy
sell - bendiy (rantikuy)
sell at a market, fair or stand - qhatuy
send a person (on an errand) - kachay
send a letter or package - suchiy
shake hands, extend hand - llamiyuy
share one’s food or drink with someone - malliyachiy
she, he, it - pay
shine (sun, etc), illuminate - chipchiy
shop - rantina
short (in size) - tinku, taksa
short (in distance) - k’uku
shoulder - rikra
shout (verb) - qapariy
silent - ch’in
silver; money - qolqe (qollqe)
sleep - puñuy
small - huchuy
some day - hayk’aqpas
someone - pipas something - imapis son - churi
sorry, excuse me - dispinsayuway
spin (thread) - puskay
spindle (for spinning) - puska, puskana
stand (verb) - sayay
stay, remain - qhepay
steal - suway
steam (noun) - waksi
strong, durable - qaqa
strong, terrible (negative sense) - sinchi
sun - inti
sunlight, heat of the sun - ruphay swim - wallatay, wayt'ay
take, take away - horqoy tasty - sumaq
tell, say; advise - niy; willay that - chay, anchay
that over there, yonder - haqay, chahay
then, at that time - chay pacha
there - chay
they, them - paykuna
thief, robber - suwa
think - yuyayukuy (pensay)
this - kay
thus, in this way - hina, hinaspa
tomorrow - paqarin
too, also - -pas
too much, too - nishu
touch (verb) - llamiy, tupayuy town, village - llaqta
ugly - millay
uncle - tiyu
under - pachan, uran
understand - uyariy, intindiy (yarqoy)
underworld - ukhu pacha
urinate - hisp’ay, hisp’akuy
very - nishu, kapas village - llaqta
wait - suyay
walk, hike, travel - puriy warm (adjective) - q’oñi wash clothes or hair - t’aqsay wash (something) - maqchhiy wash oneself - maqchhikuy water - unu (yaku)
we, us (we but not you) - noqayku (ñuqayku) we, us (everyone) - noqanchis (ñuqanchik) weave - away wet - api, hoq’o what? - iman?
what a pain! - akakaw! achakaw! what a pity! - akakallaw! when? - hayk’aq? where? - maypin?
which? - mayqen? white - yuraq, ruyaq who? - pi? who is it? - pin? whose? - piqpa? why? - imanaqtin? why ever not? - imarayku? wife - warmi
wind (noun) - wayra, binto
window - t’oqo (bentana)
woman, wife - warmi
wool - willma (millma)
work (verb) - llank’ay
world, universe, space, time - pacha
worship - much’ay, yupaychay
write - qelqay
wrong, mistaken - panta
year - wata yellow - q’ellu
yesterday - qayniwanchay (qayna punchaw)
you (singular) - qan
you (plural) - qankuna
young, young man - wayna
young woman - sipas
Ronald Wright
Ronald Wright was bom in England and now lives near Toronto. He is a writer and traveller whose books include Cut stones & Crossroads: a Journey in the Two Worlds of Peru, On Fiji Islands, and Time among the Maya: Travels in Belize, Guatamala, & Mexico.
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